Science Ncert Gist PDF Free Download

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Summary of Science Ncert Gist:

Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. Neils Bohr’s model of the atom was more successful. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass numbers, while isobars are atoms having the same mass number but different atomic numbers.The Nuclear Force is a strong attractive force between neutron-neutron, proton-neutron and proton-proton. Radioactivity occurs when an atomic nucleus breaks down into smaller particles, with three types of nuclear radiation: alpha, beta, and gamma. When a radioactive nucleus changes, the remaining nucleus changes its identity. Carbon-14 has two extra neutrons and a half-life of 5730 years. Fission is the splitting of an atom, while fusion is the process of two small atomic nuclei coming together to make a larger nucleus which is stable.

Reflection from a plane surface is known as diffused or irregular reflection, while reflection from a smooth surface is known as regular reflection. Images of the first point can be real or virtual, and the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror can be curved inwards or outwards. The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is the pole, which is usually represented by the letter P. The centre of curvature of a spherical mirror lies outside its reflecting surface and is represented by the letter C. The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface forms a part is called the radius of curvature and the distance PC is equal to the radius of curvature.Concave mirrors are used in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights to get powerful parallel beams of light. Convex mirrors are used as rear-view (wing) mirrors in vehicles to enable safe driving.Lenses are used in spectacles, telescopes and microscopes. Convex lenses converge the light falling on them, while concave lenses diverge the light. A convex lens can form real and inverted images, while a concave lens forms erect, virtual and smaller images. The two surfaces of the lens are parts of two spheres, and the optical centre is the point on the principal axis.

WORK, POWER AND ENERG

Work done by a force is defined as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance moved by the object in the direction of the applied force. Power is defined as the rate of doing work, and energy is the same unit as work. Kinetic energy is the energy of an object in motion, while potential energy is the energy of an object due to its change in position or shape. Pressure is defined as force acting per unit area, and all liquids and gases are fluids. Objects experience a force of buoyancy when they are immersed in a fluid, which causes them to float on the surface of the liquid.Archimedes’ Principle and Density and Relative Density are used to determine the mass per unit volume of a substance, which is determined by the SI unit of density.The International System of Units (SI) is an internationally accepted unit system used in all physical measurements. It has seven base units and symbols, and is used to simplify measurement notation and numerical computation. The SI Unit of Length is the metre, which is related to other metric units by multiples or submultiples of 10.

PROPERTIES OF GASES

Temperature is the measure of average heat, independent of the number of particles or size and shape of the object. Thermometers are used to measure temperature, and various scales of temperature are in use. Fixed reference points are needed to measure temperatures, such as melting point, boiling point, Celsius scale, Kelvin scale, and Fahrenheit scale. The Kelvin scale is an absolute scale of temperature, with the lowest fixed point being -273.150C. Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, denoted by 0K or -273oC. The Fahrenheit scale is divided into 180 equal parts, and the volume of a gas is the space in which molecules of the gas are free to move.Gases are different from liquids and solids in terms of volume, compressibility, and gas laws. Boyle’s Law states that the product of the volume and pressure of a given mass of dry gas is constant at constant temperature, while Charles’ Law states that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its original volume at 32oF for each degree.

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Topperlearning provides detailed, step-by-step solutions to all questions in an NCERT textbook, providing an invaluable aid to students when they need help with homework, preparing for exams and learning.Burning is a chemical process in which a material combines with oxygen and generates large amounts of heat. Natural fibres, such as cotton, appear darker when soaked in water, while synthetic and silk fibres are smooth and leave no air space when woven or knitted.Everyday Science(Inside CD) is a comprehensive science series for class 1-8. It involves assessment of student learning in the environment, both in and out of the classroom. Key features include preview, introduction, subject matter, fact to know, activities, key words, formative and summative assessments, and chapter review. CD support will make course material learning more interactive.

Science Ncert Gist PDF Free Download