Bird Flu PDF Free Download

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Avian Influenza, Otherwise Referred To As Bird Flu, Is Caused By Influenza. The Casualties Are A Virus That Usually Infects Wild Birds But Sometimes Also Infects Domestic Livestock And Human Beings.

By Two Surface Proteins, H And N, There Are Many Subtypes Of Avian Influenza Viruses. Among These, The Subtypes That Have Been Responsible For Human Infections Include H5n1, H7n9, And H9n2. These Viruses May Cause Severe Illness; However, They Do Not Spread Easily From Person To Person.

Human Symptoms Of Avian Flu Are Similar To Those Of Seasonal Flu, But More Severe Can Also Cause Acute Respiratory Distress, Multi-organ Failure, Severe Pneumonia, And Death. Virtually All Human Cases Have Been Reported After Close Contact With Infected Birds In The Absence Of Appropriate Protective Gear.

Bird Flu PDF Free Download

Bird Flu: What Is the Cause?

Bird flu is mainly caused by the influenza viruses; however, they are also not alien to other species, including humans. These viruses may be classified into a few varieties, all of which belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae; the type Influenza A is the most prevalent in causing avian flu.

1. Virus Influenza A: These viruses are classified further with the help of two surface proteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Several subtypes of these avian influenza viruses, like H5N1, H7N9, and H5N8, are operative in human infection and are very dangerous for birds.
2. Transmission: – Direct Contact: Direct contact with diseased birds or their secretions or contaminated surfaces may lead to avian causes.
3. Migratory Birds: Wild waterfowl—natiquement ducks and geese—are carriers of the virus and can transmit it to domestic requirements, even if they appear perfectly healthy.
4. Contact with Humans: The virus enters human populations through continued exposure to the virus, contact with a contaminated environment, or by direct contact with infected birds.

Does Avian Influenza Affect Human Health?

Indeed, bird flu might be a threat to human health, particularly by some types that have since made their mark with death and serious cases of respiratory illness.

1. Virulence: Human infections with avian influenza viruses, like H5N1 and H7N9, were characterized by a high mortality rate and serious respiratory illness.
2. Symptoms: Because of the infection by the avian influenza viruses, human symptoms include minor cases of conjunctivitis and flu-like symptoms, while serious cases develop into pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and critical distress on breathing.
3. Transmission to Human: Though human infections with such avian influenza viruses are relatively rare, when they do occur, because protection absence in the human population, consequences might really be fatal.
4. Human-to-Human Transmission: Though this has been witnessed in a few instances, it generates apprehension due to the possibility of a pandemic.

What Type of Virus is Responsible for Bird Flu?

The primary virus that leads to bird flu is the Influenza A virus, which is available in several subtypes.

1. Subtypes: The subtypes of avian influenza affecting humans and birds that are of the utmost importance are as follows:

• H5N1: This is an example of the influenza virus, hostile in both human and bird forms, with a considerably high mortality rate among human beings.
• H7N9: Another highly lethal strain responsible for human infection, mainly in China.
• H5N8: This affects birds and has had major outbreaks among chicken populations.

1. Genetic Variability: The viruses have mutation and reassortment capabilities that result in new strains with differences in their degree of transmissibility and virus viability.

What Is Bird Flu in Chicken?

Bird flu is a highly trendy pathogenic viral disease leading to serious illness in respiratory form with high mortality among hen flocks; it is caused by avian influenza viruses.

1. Fowl Symptoms: – Extending to head, eyes, comb, wattles, and legs
   • Sudden death without symptoms
   • Changes in colour in wattles, comb, legs
     Decreased egg production; respiratory symptoms like coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge; diarrhea
2. Economic Impact: Outbreaks of avian influenza in poultry may result in massive economic losses by depopulating the infected/exposed birds to prevent further transmission.
3. Control Measures: Strict biosecurity in affected areas in the area, removal of every ailing bird, and immunization in chosen areas are implemented to prevent the spread of the virus.

Reasons

1. Avian Influenza Virus: The avian influenza virus causes infection and bird flu by the following means: close contact with infected birds or polluted habitats.
2. Environmental Factors: Chief among the environmental factors propagating the virus are close contacts between domestic birds and wild migratory birds, weak biosecurity controls, and poor sanitation procedures.
3. Human Activity: Movement of people and equipment from farm to farm, international traffic in poultry and birds, and live bird markets may contribute to the spread of avian influenza.

What Causes the Avian Flu?

Influenza viruses, in general, are known to cause the avian flu. In particular, the A family of avian ­influenza viruses tends to sometimes infect a wide variety of bird species.

1. Virus Characteristics: Viral surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins identify the subtype and pathogenic potential of each viral strain.
2. Cross-Species Transmission: While nearly all cases of avian influenza virus infection result in the infection of birds, these viruses have demonstrated their ability to cross species barriers, infected mammals, including humans, with very serious implications for public health.

Identification

The diagnosis of avian influenza consists of clinical examination, laboratory tests, and surveillance activities.

1. Clinical Signs:
   • Swelling, discolored wattles and combs, abrupt death and respiratory difficulty in birds.
   • In human beings, fever, cough, sore throat, and at very high extremes, pneumonia and respiratory failure, which are similar to those of severe influenza.
2. Laboratory Testing: –
   Virus Isolation: The virus may be isolated from the tissues, feces, or respiratory secretions of affected people or birds.

• Molecular Tests: RT-PCR is employed for the detection of viral RNA in samples.
• Serological Tests: Antibody detection assays can indicate a history of exposure or illness to the virus.

1. Surveillance: The continuous monitoring of the wild bird population, poultry flocks, and human cases shall be done for the early identification and containment of an epidemic.
   The continuous monitoring of viruses in their distribution and different mutations helps epidemiological studies for preparedness against a pandemic.

How Is An Avian Influenza Case Made?

A number of steps are required to diagnose avian influenza to reach the exact subtype and detect its presence.

1. Sample Collection: – Bird samples : Tissues from lungs and spleen; swabs from throat, trachea, and cloaca.
   • Human samples: Blood, differing respiratory secretions, and throat and nose swabs.
2. Laboratory Testing: – RT-PCR: This is the most prevalent and robust technique for identifying avian influenza virus RNA in clinical specimens.
   Virus Isolation: The isolation process involves inoculating samples into cell cultures or embryonated chicken eggs to be studied further.
3. Serology: Serologic tests can identify past infection or exposure to avian influenza viruses by detecting antibodies.
4. Pathotyping: – Determination of whether the Workout constitutes an LPAI or HPAI virus strain is the basis for risk assessment and control measures.
   -HPAI strains, like H5N1, are more likely to trigger serious sickness in humans than in birds. They cause severe disease in birds.
5. Field Surveillance: – Surveillance of wild birds and poultry farms traces the outbreak at an early stage and contains its spread.
   • Control of spread involves testing and observation of the birds showing symptoms or those which have come into contact with the possible sources of infection.
6. Case Investigation: Epidemiological investigation identifies, at every level, probable contacts, traces back to the source of infection, and measures the chances of further transmission.
   • Contact tracing and follow-up with contacts exposed to diseased birds or environments prevents secondary infections in humans.

Knowing The Causes, Symptoms, And Diagnostic Techniques Of Bird Flu, It Thus Becomes Possible To Manage And Stop This Potentially Fatal Virus In Both The Avian And Human Populations.